Category Archives: Anthropology

“. . . the most humanistic of the sciences
and the most scientific of the humanities.”
- Alfred L. Kroeber

Weekly Photo Challenge: Up

up-wat-phou

After a disappointing turn around by a military blockade in the disputed border region of Cambodia/Thailand on my way to try and see the ruins of Prasat Preah Vihear, I was aching to see something in the realm of Lost Cities. So, leaving Si Phan Don a day early and returning to Pakse in southern Laos, I was once again on the road heading toward the Cambodia border.

These ruins, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known collectively as the Champasack Cultural Landscape, but more commonly known as Wat Phou, lay just outside of Champasack, the capital of one of the three pre-European Lao kingdoms. Although driving through it, and even the Ancient City nearby, you would never suspect that.

Wat Phou seems to be one of the most ancient Khmer shrines. It houses a natural spring atop the terraces at the base of the mountain. And, the mountain itself is interpreted as a naturally-formed linta, the phallic symbol representing Shiva.

Since the fall of the Khmer Empire and the spread of Buddhism in the region, Wat Phou has since become an active Buddhist shrine, complete with at least 5 representations of Siddhartha Gautama around the main temple atop the terraces at the base of the mountain’s cliffs.

These stairs leading up to the central temple are unleveled, eroded, and in odd states of disarray. Throw in the fact that they are immensely steep and not always wide enough for an entire foot, and care must certainly be taken when ascending to the shrine.

Although, once you reach the top, it is most certainly worth it.

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Travel Theme: International Women’s Day

A badly taken photo of the Minoan Earth goddess from Crete.

A badly taken photo of the Minoan Earth goddess from Crete.

In all the clamor these days of the numerous beings known as the ‘One True God’, of ‘His’ omnipotence and ‘His’ perfection, we often lose sight of all those who came before.  In the days before mankind’s gaze grew vaster and our gods fled to higher and higher peaks until no realms existed beyond our sight but the unseeable, our gods used to embody the aspects of the world around us.  Chief and most ancient among these is the Earth mother and fertility goddess.

Known as Gaea to the Greeks.  Terra or Tellus to the Romans.  Jörð to the Norse. Tonantzin to the Aztecs.  And countless forgotten names by cultures more ancient.  To these cultures, the Earth which gave rise to and sustained life was equated to the nurturing nature of an idealized woman.  In being the world itself, these goddesses quite literally a woman of international proportions.

This woman is dubbed Asasara, a name derived from the Linear A alphabet.  She seems to be a high figure in the Minoan pantheon.  Found in a temple in Knossos, the Minoan capitol on Crete in the Mediterranean, she new is on display at the Heraklion Museum only a few kilometers away.

This badly taken picture was taken today of another badly taken picture I took with film (whoa) way back in 2004 when I visited Crete to see the Minoan ruins and Lost Cities.   After leaving the Heraklion museum, I became thoroughly lost in a rainstorm that quite literally turned the old city’s roads into miniature torrents, which in turn led to the worst hostel experience I ever had.

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Weekly Reblog #3: Cinematic vs Real Archaeologists

Cinematic vs Real Archaeologists | Gypsy Gypsy

“So a couple of days ago I did a poll asking who your favorite movie archaeologist was. There weren’t that many responses :( but needless to say I got a pretty good idea of where the scale was tipping . . . So what exactly does this mean? This means a few things:

1. Most of the population has a less than idealistic perception of what an archaeologist is. Archaeology unfortunately isn’t secret passageways and mystical journeys. There is no magic book to read from. No cursed object you can’t look at. No secret writing on the Declaration of Independence. No portals. Sorry kiddos. I know this is extremely disappointing, trust me, actual archaeologists wish this sort of thing were real too, but that’s just not why we’re in the field.”
- Danielle, Gypsy Gypsy

 

What do actual archaeologists do? It’s not always a glamorous or even boast-worthy task. In my archaeological field school way back in the day . . . 2007, whoa . . . I quite literally spent the first 2 weeks raking a forest.

You can’t rake a forest.

After the ground was cleared as much as it could be cleared, we proceeded to dig the equally spaced test pits. This was interspersed with a lot of sifting and middle-of-the-woods paperwork of anything of possible interest that we found. Keeping in mind that this was at a Michigan archaeological site. We were excavating a ring-shaped mound, not the romantic lore of some lost city.

The dig itself was followed by the cataloging. Anything that we had found and filled out preliminary paperwork for in the field, we were now documenting extensively in the lab. While tedious, this can also be one of the most exciting parts of an archaeological dig. You have already got the most interesting artifacts in hand, and now you get to find out anything you can about them.

However, it was also this course that turned me away from archaeological fieldwork as a focus and into archaeological theory. Still, that doesn’t mean I don’t love seeing an ancient city in whatever remnant state it may now be in. There is something fascinating about standing in a place lost to written memory, but still inevitably played some role in shaping what is now more and more a homogeneous global society.

So to prepare for my forthcoming Lost Cities post about Lembah Bujang, Gypsy Gypsy’s take on how real archaeologists measure up to a movie counterpart seems appropriate. The blog’s author, Danielle, is an enthusiastic archaeologist in training and a born traveller.

Enjoy her writing and check out some of her other insights.

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Angkor’s Last Outpost – Prasat Muang Sing

Angkor’s Last Outpost – Prasat Muang Sing

In the grasslands of the western Thailand frontier, no more than 20 kilometers from the Myanmar border, the farthest outpost of a fallen civilization still stands.  It’s city walls hug the River Kwae and house a shrine to those bodhisattvas, the benevolent enlightened ones who put off their own release from the wheels of eternal suffering in order to help others.  This was where I was going.

Cool, but not the Kanchanaburi ruins I was looking for.

On Christmas day, I was in Kanchanaburi with a group I had taken classes with.  The day before, we had rented motorbikes to go to Erawan National Park to see the waterfalls.  Because we had gotten them later in the afternoon, I still had my motorbike until around 2PM.

So, getting up early in the morning, I headed out toward Muang Sing (Lion City), a nearby Angkor ruin.  It took a little under an hour to get there.  Upon arriving at the park, the main ruins were directly ahead, though I wasn’t sure at the time if they were the centerpieces.  Instead of heading straight for them, I turned left on the main interior road and started circling the perimeter of the park.

Ancient skeletons in situ.

Weaving out through a gate, the first thing I came to was an excavated burial site just above the river where there were still some intact skeletons.  Nearby were remnants of the city wall that had since been partially buried and overgrown with plants.

Along the river’s edge were several buildings.  Most of them, given their comparably nicer look and the stone-paved paths around them, seemed to be for visitors to rent.  Although there were a few that were obviously for workers of the park to reside in.

Houses for people to rent in the park . . .

. . . and houses for people who work in the park.

I kept going on the perimeter road and came across two of the smaller ruins that the park made a point to display on the map.  These were technically in the center of the city wall area, despite the fact that a large, very open area laid to the west.  There was very little of either of these monuments left and were near impossible to picture as fully intact buildings, as each would have roughly the same size as my apartment’s bedroom.

Monument #3

Monument #4

Old, crumbling city gate.

The map had a section of city wall and ramparts that were well outside of the main road through the park, but still near where I was.  So, taking some of the back trails on my motorbike, I finally came to a barely obvious ruined city gate.  Going trough lead into a small ditch filled with vegetation.  Unfortunately, I hadn’t figured that much of it would be thorny, and end up getting a few good scratches, including 1 or 2 that drew blood.

From inside the city gate.

The ramparts were nowhere to be seen, though, and I had to backtrack to the main road.  On the way back, I happened upon an idyllic pond teeming water lily lotuses.

Water lilies brightening up the whole pond.

I returned to the central, primary ruins, complete with a small museum and visitor center just to the north.  Inside the museum are replicas of many of the grander statues and pottery that was found at the Muang Sing site.  The originals had been moved to higher profile museums.

Statues found at the Muang Sing site.

To-scale replica of the park. The giant tower is just a sprinkler, not an ancient monument.

Outside of the museum is a to-scale layout of the Muang Sing Historic Park, with all buildings represented.  Across the parking lot is a row of souvenir and food stands.  I grabbed a red Fanta in a glass bottle and a snack of potato chips from them before heading across the street to the centerpiece monuments.

While Monument 1 is certainly the more impressive and better preserved of the two, there is something about Monument 2 that grabbed my attention first.  It’s not like anything that I had seen at Phanom Rung or Muaeng Tam.  It had a sleeker look to it, with perfect right angles at every surface and inscribed parallel lines running the length of the base.

Monument #2

Monument #2 interior

Monument #2 interior

Monument #2 interior

Very little of the interior survives, but what does gives the impression that it was a very tight space.  The informational guide handed out at the park says it stood with 3 towers and was covered in a lime plaster.  However, this is very difficult to imagine walking through it.   That isn’t to say it’s untrue, just not something that would occur to you as you explore the alternating levels of Monument 2.

Monument #1

Only a few steps to the southeast stands Monument 1, the main temple of the forgotten city.  In a way, it seemed a smaller version of Phanom Rung, and presumably most other Khmer temples.  The outer wall surrounded an inner gallery and the central shrine.  Quite beautiful inside were the young trees that had taken root amidst the stone bricks and were blossoming with purple flowers.

Monument #1 interior

Monument #1 interior

Monument #1 interior

Monument #1 interior

Monument #1 interior

Proof that I was there.

The central shrine holds an 8-armed statue a of the bodhisattva Avalokitesavara, created as a savior to the world after the Siddhartha Gautama (the founder of Buddhism) entered nirvana, and until the bodhisattva Maitreya (the big, golden guy at Wat Intharawihan) attains enlightenment.

The Khmer king, Jayavarman VII is believed to be responsible for this city’s construction around 1200 CE.  Curiously, the face of this bodhisattva statue looks peculiarly like the statues of Jayavarman VII found in Cambodia.

This bodhisattva looks a lot like. . .

. . . the emperor who built Muang Sing. **© Suzan Black, Accessed from Wikipedia

In an odd coincidence, I later recognized these ruins (Monument 1) in an episode of Lexx I watched later in which one of the main characters is being held captive there.

Tourists!

In a blessing of timing, just as I was leaving the 2 central monuments, 2 mega tour buses pulled up and began unloading.  Dozens of Thai tourists began pouring out and walking toward the Khmer monuments I was walking away from.  Curiously, one or two of them tried to get pictures with me, apparently more interesting than the ruins straight ahead.

Hopping back on my bike I motored away from the main monuments towards another edge of the old city wall.  This gate was much more intact than the previous, though didn’t lead to anything interesting on the other side.

A more intact city wall.

Further along that wall, however, there is a small village actually inside the walls of both the old city and the National Historical Park.  This is likely because these were in the location before this was made a historical park in 1987.  Consisting of maybe a dozen homes at most, the seemed to go about their business oblivious to the rest of the park.  Though I did get a few stares as I slowed my bike to check out the homes.

A shot of some of the homes inside the park’s village.

For being so far removed from the rest of the concentration of Khmer Ruins, Muang Sing remains one of my favorites I have seen.  One last loop out through the city wall and River Kwae, past some ramparts, and I was back out on the road.

Ramparts!

**Photo of Jayavarman VII by Suzan Black, Accessed from Wikipedia

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Pasts Forgotten in Isan – Ban Chiang, Thailand

Pasts Forgotten in Isan – Ban Chiang, Thailand

“The objects found at Ban Chieng . . .
all of them beautifully made,
and bear witness to an advanced civilization
that has completely vanished.”
- David Hatcher Childress

It’s amazing how things can just come together and work out sometimes. I was initially planning on renting a motorbike in Udon Thani and taking it to Ban Chiang.

However, it was about 60 km away, farther than I thought. Certainly doable, but not the most comfortable for a two way trip.

A street in the town of Ban Chiang.

So, I hopped on a bus in the general direction, not knowing exactly where to get off. The girl sitting next to me asked where I was going an then directed me to the correct town to exit the bus. Standing right outside was a motorcycle taxi which offered to take me the remaining 10 km for 80 baht ($2.50) and then meet me in and hour and a half to go back. And that gave me just enough time.

The museum with its UNESCO World Heritage logo.

Unfortunately, while Ban Chiang is a highly significant archaeological find, it doesn’t have the grandiose ruins that Prasat Phanom Rung had. However, the museum was certainly worth the visit and is immensely informative about both the site and the archaeological methodology used to excavate it.

Ban Chiang is important as it serves as proof of a Bronze Age culture in a region formerly thought technologically backward at the time. While no cities like its contemporaries in India and China, ancient Ban Chiang had metalworking methods that rivaled, and possibly predated, those cultures.

Model of the ancient culture alloying bronze

Examples of pottery found at the Ban Chiang site.

The ancient settlement had been on a raised mound, the same one that the current village now resides on, meaning space for them to conduct the excavation was limited. He initial digs were limited to space in a public street, a man who volunteered his home, and a local Buddhist wat (temple).

A life-size model of the archaeological dig team excavating.

After finishing the museum in an hour and having learned that the dig sites were not on the museum’s property, I decided I had the time to walk over to the wat and see what remained of the dig site.

The Ban Chiang wat where some of the excavation took place

Walking down the stretch of street to the wat, I got a few looks and smiles. I gather that, like many of the towns I was lost in near the Cambodia border, they get few ‘farangs’ wandering through town.

The wat was a pleasant little spot with the logos of the museum on a small gray building near the entrance. A man working inside waved me in, nodded at my ticket and disappeared. Inside was (what I gathered to be) the original dig pits still with intact with pottery sherds and skeletons.

One of the original excavation pits on the Ban Chiang wat grounds.

All the informational signs here were in Thai, so I mostly browsed the pit before heading out into the wat’s courtyard. I wanted to check out the inside of the temple, however, there were quite a few monks siting and chanting, so I let them be.

About halfway down the road back to the museum, my taxi driver honked and asked if I was ready, saving me the extra 10 minutes of waiting for him. We headed back to Nong Mek, where he dropped me off at the bus stop next to a couple of cigarette-smoking monks. I caught he bus back to Udon Thani 10 minutes later, watching its karaoke videos of a Thai rock band that specify several times they were for home display only.

Overall a much better experience than riding a motorbike 120 kilometers, I think.

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Phanom Rung and the Great Motorbike Adventure

Phanom Rung and the Great Motorbike Adventure

The Khmer Empire, a Hindu civilization that existed in Cambodia around 800-1200, though recent by archaeological standards, created some of the most spectacular ruins that still exist today. From their center at Angkor Wat, they expanded outward as far north as Isan and as west almost to the Burma border. After their decline, many of their cities and monuments were reclaimed the surrounding jungles, making them one of the legendary, truly lost civilizations.

I had dreamt of seeing these fabled and elaborate ruins for years. Their story truly does have all the elements of one of the great Indiana Jones-explorer era tales. And while I would have liked my first glimpse of them to be the great capitol of Angkor Thom, they were in Cambodia and I could not leave Thailand without voiding my visa. So, Angkor Thom would have to wait.

Though scattered ruins dot the Cambodian border area, I had chosen Prasat Phanom Rung, an Angkor temple dedicated to Shiva, the trinity god of destruction. It seemed appropriate enough for a shrine atop an extinct volcano. It is also the largest that Thailand has to offer.

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Humans, the Lonely Gods: An Essay on Our Artificial Oversoul

I slide my phone shut as the track finishes downloading and look around.  Airports.  At times, perhaps even more than cities, they are the symbols of the material center of the modern world.  Here is perhaps the greatest display of the best and the worst of humanity.  Paranoia and tensions mix with impatience as each traveler is made to go through such intense screening just to see another part of the world.  Yet here still is the greatest mix of people that an observer could ever see.  Be they the archetypical New York businessman pacing around in front of the window, or the rowdy group of kids that are quite obviously still in high school suited up for an off-time tropical spring break adventure, or the noticeably Orthodox Jews emerging from a plane inbound from Israel, these people are from all parts of the world and all corners of societies, and they all exist here traveling and searching for something.

The song that I downloaded is one that I haven’t heard before, as the CD it is supposed to be on was scratched when I bought it off of eBay, curiously enough over only that one track.  As I listen to this song that I should have heard long ago, but didn’t, I am struck by one line in the chorus, “I’ll ***** a path far from here.”  Now, this line intrigues me for two reasons.   The first is that I cannot pick what word goes in that second slot.  I’ve narrowed it down to “light” and “write” but because of Tom Delonge’s habit of warping words and somehow managing to stick an extra Y-sound into each word he speaks, I cannot go any further. And although I am personally more partial to have the “write” inserted into the blank, given my field of interest, the second reason is that either word makes for a phrase that gets me to thinking, about myself, about all these travelers around me, and even about the species as a whole.

This small device, I realize, is just as much a window into the world as that one behind me whose light is glaring off the screen I am trying to look at. A hundred or so years ago, as the movies tell us, at everybody’s side was another small device, a gun, which through flame and controlled explosion was capable of killing.  Now, each of us carries at our side one that through electrical signals and controlled radio frequency is capable of uniting any and all at any time.  If that small progress is not a sign of hope for us, I cannot say what could be.

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